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When you sign in to a site, Chrome may give you a warning if the username/password have been exposed as a result of a data breach on some website or app. The feature is available on all platforms but only to the users signed in with a Google account. On Android the feature is only available if sync is also enabled, due to the way the accounts are managed by the OS.

Being signed in to a Google account is a technical requirement that prevents abuse of the API. When you sign in to a website, Chrome will send a hashed copy of your username and password to Google encrypted with a secret key only known to Chrome. No one, including Google, is able to derive your username or password from this encrypted copy. From the response, Chrome can tell if the submitted username and password appear in the database of leaked credentials. The final resolution is done locally; Google doesn't know whether or not the credential is present in the database.

The feature can be disabled in settings under Sync and Google services. On desktop and Android versions of Chrome, this feature is not available if Safe Browsing is turned off. Usage statistics contain information such as system information, preferences, user interface feature usage, responsiveness, performance, and memory usage. This feature is enabled by default for Chrome installations of version 54 or later. You can control the feature in the "Sync and Google services" section of Chrome's settings. Additionally, if your device has network location enabled , the X-Geo header may also include visible network IDs , used to geocode the request server-side.

HTTPS will be required to include this header in the request. You can learn more about how to control the Android OS location sharing with apps on this article for Nexus, or find your device here if you do not use a Nexus. How to control location sharing with a site within Chrome is written in this article. See the Geolocation section of this whitepaper for more information on default geolocation permissions.

If you're not signed in, Chrome offers to save your credit cards locally. If the card is not stored locally, you will be prompted for your CVV code or device authentication, such as Touch ID, Windows Hello, or Android screen lock, each time you use the card. In some versions of Chrome, it is possible to store a card to Google Payments and locally in Chrome at the same time, in which case Chrome will not ask for a CVV or device authentication confirmation. If you have cards stored in this way, their local copies will persist until you sign out of your Google account, at which point the local copy will be deleted from your device. If you choose not to store the card locally, you will be prompted for your CVV code or device authentication each time you use the card. You can opt out of using device authentication in the Payment methods section of Chrome settings.

If you use a card from Google Payments, Chrome will collect information about your computer and share it with Google Payments to prevent fraudulent use of your card. Enhanced protection also enables reporting additional data relevant to security to help improve Safe Browsing and overall web security, and it enables Chrome's password breach detection. When browsing in incognito or guest mode, these extra checks do not occur, and Enhanced protection mode operates the same way as Standard protection. Chrome helps protect you against password phishing by checking with Google when you enter your password on an uncommon page. Chrome keeps a local list of popular websites that Safe Browsing found to be safe.

The verdict received from Safe Browsing is usually cached on your device for 1 week. For users who have enabled the "Help improve security on the web for everyone" setting, Chrome will ignore the list of popular websites for a small fraction of visits, to test the accuracy of that list. This beacon's URL is not sent to Google's PWS unless the Physical Web feature is enabled. Users can also enable the feature in the Privacy settings.

The user receives a silent notification when Chrome finds a nearby URL. On Android and desktop, Chrome signals to Google web services that you are signed into Chrome by attaching an X-Chrome-Connected header to any HTTPS requests to Google-owned domains. On Android, Chrome sends the X-Chrome-Connected header to accounts.google.com to indicate it is eligible for account consistency . This allows those Google web services to update their UI accordingly. On desktop, Chrome sends the X-Chrome-ID-Consistency-Request header with all HTTPS requests to account.google.com if the "Allow Chrome sign-in" setting is enabled.

If you are using a managed device, your system admin may disable the sign in feature or require that data be deleted when you disconnect your account. Synced data can include bookmarks, saved passwords, open tabs, browsing history, extensions, addresses, phone numbers, payment methods, and more. In advanced sync settings, you can choose which types of data to synchronize with this device. You can turn sync on or off in the "You and Google" section of Chrome settings.

You can manage and delete your saved credentials in the "Forms and passwords" section of Chrome's settings. If you enable password management, the same kind of data about forms as described above is sent to Google to interpret password forms correctly. If stored credentials are used for the first time in a username field which was already filled differently by the website itself, Chrome also transmits a short one-byte hash of the prefilled value. This allows Google to classify if the website uses a static placeholder in the username field which can be safely overwritten without deleting valuable user-specific data.

The Windows version of Chrome is able to detect and remove certain types of software that violate Google's Unwanted Software Policy. If left in your system, this software may perform unwanted actions, such as changing your Chrome settings without your approval. Chrome periodically scans your device to detect potentially unwanted software. Your preferences will be sent to Google so that better suggestions are provided to you in the future. For example, if you indicate that you're not interested in a particular topic or publisher, suggestions about that topic or publisher will not be shown in the future.

Likewise, you can indicate that you're not interested in a specific article via the "Hide story" option in the article's three dots menu. Suggestions are also personalized based on your interactions with the suggested articles . You can manage this interaction data, which is stored in the Discover section of your Google account, at My Activity. Google may use anonymized and aggregated interest and interaction data from you to improve the quality of suggested articles for other users.

For instance, if you view or open a suggestion it might be suggested more often, while if you report its contents as inappropriate it might stop being suggested. Additionally, if Google is your default search engine and you have enabled sync, omnibox may also show suggestions for your Google Drive files. You can turn this functionality off by disabling the "Drive suggestions" option in the "Sync and Google services" section of Chrome's settings.

This document describes the features in Chrome that communicate with Google, as well as with third-party services (for example, if you've changed your default search engine). This document also describes the controls available to you regarding how your data is used by Chrome. Here we're focusing on the desktop version of Chrome; we touch only tangentially on Chrome OS and Chrome for Mobile. They must always be coupled with necessary actions such as retrieving or sending data to the server or loading heavy assets like large images in the background.

To combat this bad user experience, page reloads must always be accompanied by spinners or loaders. All the methods demonstrated in this guide work equally fine, but in situations where some props can not be accessed you must use custom event handlers. Chrome extensions and applications that you've installed are kept up to date with a similar system used for updating desktop versions of Chrome.

These update requests include similar information (such as the application ID, when the application was last used, and how long it's been installed). We use these requests to determine the aggregate popularity and usage of applications and extensions. If you are using an extension or application restricted to a certain audience, authentication tokens are sent with the update requests for these add-ons. Google Update requests include information necessary for the update process, such as the version of Chrome, its release channel, basic hardware information, and update errors that have been encountered. Google Update also periodically sends a non-unique four-letter tag that contains information about how you obtained Google Chrome.

This tag is not personally identifiable, does not encode any information about when you obtained Google Chrome, and is the same as everyone who obtained Google Chrome the same way. If the website is deemed unsafe by Safe Browsing, you may see a warning like the one shown above. This mechanism is designed to catch unsafe sites that switch domains very quickly or hide from Google's crawlers. Pages loaded in Incognito are not checked using this mechanism. For Chrome on Android, in certain countries, Chrome may download the content of the New Tab page suggestions from Google, for use while offline. Chrome sends to Google a cookieless request with the URL for each suggestion, along with Chrome's user agent string, in order to render the content.

You can remove downloaded content by clearing Chrome's cache data, or by opening the Downloads menu and selecting individual pages to delete. You can disable this feature by disabling "Download articles for you on Wi-Fi" in Chrome's Downloads settings. If the Android Backup Service is enabled on your device, some of your Chrome preferences will be saved and stored on Google servers. For Nexus and Android One devices, it is described under "Back up your data and settings with Android Backup Service" in this article.

For other Android devices, you may be able to find help by looking up your device on this page. When setting up a new Android device, you may request that it copies the preferences from a previously set up device. If you do so, Android may restore backed up Chrome preferences when Chrome is first installed. On iOS devices, users can enable the feature in the Privacy settings or by adding the Chrome widget to their Today view in the notification center. Additionally, the feature is automatically enabled for users who have location enabled on their device, granted Chrome the location permission, and have granted Google the geolocation permission.

Chrome scans for nearby devices whenever it is open in the foreground. When Chrome finds nearby URLs, users will see them as omnibox suggestions. Additionally, Chrome scans for nearby devices for a few seconds when the Today widget is displayed in the notification center. The Physical Web lets you see a list of URLs being broadcast by objects in the environment around you. Google Chrome looks for Physical Web devices with Bluetooth Low Energy beacons that are broadcasting URLs using the Eddystone protocol. Bluetooth signals can be received from 90 feet away or more, depending on signal strength and the user's environment .

If the Physical Web feature is enabled, Chrome sends detected URLs to Google's Physical Web Service via a cookieless HTTPS request. For each URL, the PWS obtains the title of the web page, filters out unsafe results, and returns a ranking based on non-personalized signals about the quality and relevance of the web page. Your device may receive push messages from the backend servers of apps and extensions installed in Chrome, websites that you grant the "notification" permission to, and your default search engine. Disabling push messages from your default search engine is done in the same way as disabling push messages from any site, by visiting the "Notifications" section of "Site settings".

Using the same secure method described above, you can check all the saved passwords against the public data breaches in the "Passwords" section of Chrome's settings. Once you've run a password check, Chrome will show a list of breached passwords. If a password in this list is outdated, you can manually edit it to store the current version. If you choose to edit, the new username/password pair will be checked automatically but only if the feature described above is not disabled.

If Autofill is enabled and you encounter a web page containing a form, Chrome sends some information about that form to Google. In response, Chrome receives a prediction of each field's data type (for example, "field X is a phone number, and field Y is a country"). This information helps Chrome match up your locally stored Autofill data with the fields of the form. This feature is disabled by default; to turn it on, click "Ask Google for suggestions" in the context menu that appears when you right-click on a misspelled word. You can also turn this feature on or off with the "Enhanced spell check" checkbox in the "Sync and Google services" section of Chrome settings.

When the feature is turned off, spelling suggestions are generated locally without sending data to Google's servers. Google uses strategies to ensure that surveys are spread evenly across users and not repeatedly served to a single user. On Android, Chrome stores a randomly generated unique token on the device. On Desktop, Chrome uses a cookie to connect with the server.

This token or cookie is used solely for the survey requests and does not contain any personal information. If you disable sending usage statistics, the token or cookie will be cleared. On iOS, if you are syncing your browsing history without a sync passphrase, Chrome reports usage for certain URLs that other Google apps could open. For example, when you tap on an email address, Chrome presents a dialog that allows you to choose between opening with Google Gmail or other mail apps installed on your device. The usage information also includes which apps were presented to you, which one was selected, and if a Google app was installed. If you are signed in, this usage is tied to your Google account.

If you are signed out, the information is sent to Google with a unique device identifier that can be regenerated by resetting the Google Usage ID found in Chrome settings. The raw reports are deleted within 60 days, after which only the aggregated statistics remain. A tap on that menu item will redirect you to the Lens experience in the Google App and the image bytes of the selected image will be sent to the Google Lens app.

For non-incognito users, the name of the currently signed-in account , image tag attributes, and Chrome experiments may also be sent to the Google App. This information is used to improve the user experience within the Lens app. Chrome tries to make personalized suggestions that are useful to you. For this, Chrome uses the sites you have visited from your local browsing history. To save data, Chrome may additionally send a hash of the content that Google provided to you the last time, so that you only download content when there is something new. This information helps improve the quality of the suggestion feature, and it's logged and anonymized in the same manner as Google web searches.

Logs of these suggestion requests are retained for two weeks, after which 2%% of the log data is randomly selected, anonymized, and retained in order to improve the suggestion feature. We need to use the polyfill because the Cache API is not yet fully supported in all browsers. The install event listener opens the caches object and then populates it with the list of resources that we want to cache. One important thing about the addAll operation is that it's all or nothing.

If one of the files is not present or fails to be fetched, the entire addAll operation fails. For a web application, the default behavior is to persist a user's session even after the user closes the browser. This is convenient as the user is not required to continuously sign-in every time the web page is visited on the same device.

This could require the user having to re-enter their password, send an SMS verification, etc, which could add a lot of friction to the user experience. Periodically, the cached content will expire and CloudFlare will need to pass the request on to my server. But on aggregate, this approach can drastically reduce load on your server because far fewer requests end up getting through. As a bonus, the user experience is improved because returning the cached content is much faster than having your web server generate it from scratch. Instead, it contains a handful of placeholder elements, along with some links to JavaScript files.

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How Do You Enrich Poor Lawn Soil

The top 8-10 inches of soil, where plants' roots live, determine the success of your gardening efforts. An ideal soil from a plant's perspective is 50% soil matter and 50% open, or pore space (which should be half-filled with water and half left open for air). Clay soil, and soil near recent construction, is often too compact to allow roots to "breath." Adding organic matter to the soil lightens soil structure (also called "tilth"). Soil structure is how the individual clay, silt, and sand particles are arranged, and is impacted by factors such as organic matter.

Clay without organic matter is like a flattened deck of playing cards. Adding organic material jumbles the cards, permitting water and oxygen to enter the soil. The best way to improve soil texture is by adding organic material, such as compost or peat moss.

Decaying organic matter helps sandy soil by retaining water that would otherwise drain away. And it corrects clay soil by making it looser, so air, water, and roots all can penetrate. Plus, in all soils it encourages beneficial microbial activity and provides nutritional benefits. Plants draw the nutrients they need to grow from the soil. Those nutrients usually need to be replenished every so often for the healthiest growth, no matter which type of soil you have.

This is especially true for the soil where you grow annual flowers and vegetables, which suck up a lot of nutrients to fuel their rapid growth. Luckily, it's easy and inexpensive to restore nutrition by adding high-quality compost and/or granular or liquid fertilizer products as needed. If you're not sure if you need to add nutrients, a soil test is a quick way to check. To add nutrients and to replace organic matter as it breaks down, add 1-2 inches of compost to your garden beds in the fall. Then you'll be all set for spring and can just add a layer of mulch after cleaning up and planting your beds for the new growing season.

No matter where you garden, it's worth improving the quality of the topsoil you've got. After all, plants rely on topsoil, the uppermost layer of the earth's surface, for water and necessary nutrients. The more organic matter it has, the darker the soil will look (like what you may see sold in bags or bulk as "black dirt"). This type of soil is very easy to dig in and support healthy plant growth.

However, the type of soil in your yard may look very different. Depending on your region, it can vary from reddish clay to beige sandy soil. Here's what you need to know about improving your topsoil. Before seeding or sodding, it's important to thoroughly work the soil. Amend poor soils, such as heavy clay, by adding organic matter.

Sources include compost, rotted manure, peat, and quality topsoil. Sand is not suggested as a material to improve clay soils for home lawns. At the opposite end of the scale from sandy soil are clay soils. These hold water and nutrients very well but don't drain as well as sandy soils, especially if compacted, a common situation for lawns with a clay soil base. The best sandy soil amendments are ones that increase the ability of the sandy soil to retain water and increase the nutrients in the soil as well.

Sandy soils can usually benefit from the addition of organic material, such as well rotted manure or compost which will help the soil to retain both moisture and nutrients. Incorporating 2 inches of organic material into the top 6 inches of the soil before seeding will significantly improve the texture of soils with a high sand content. This nutrient-rich material serves to moderate the hardness of the mineral component. When the soil is predominantly clay or sand, the addition of organic matter makes clay soil looser, and easier to work. In clay soils, organic matter additions improve drainage, and allow air to move into the soil more readily. In sandy soil, it helps to hold moisture and nutrients in the root zone of the lawn.

Organic matter has the magical quality of being able to help both soil problems. If you want to know what it looks like, buy a bag of compost at a garden center. High-quality composts are predominantly organic matter. Soil amendments are materials that are worked into the top several inches of soil, to improve drainage and loosen the soil where plants grow. Organic soil amendments can make a world of difference in heavy clay soils. Organic matter breaks down fast in our warm climate, so beds will need regular additions of soil amendments to maintain good soil structure and fertility.

Once you have a rich population of soil microbes working for you, caring for your organic lawn will be easier in all ways. You may have to add modest amounts of nitrogen at the end of the growing season so your grass will have what it needs in the spring. You will still have to water, especially in times of less rainfall, just not as much. You will still have to bend down and pluck out the stray weed. But you'll have a healthy, organic lawn thanks to healthy, organic soil.

And you'll have healthy organic soil thanks to your organic lawn. Twelve "orders" of soils, but in regards to lawns, there are really two main types that balance out in slightly different proportions based on your lawn care needs. Heavy soil contains more clay and is sticky and hard to work, but is generally more fertile. Because it's heavier and denser, such soils tend to remain cold and wet in spring and need grit or coarse organic material to bring in air and help grassroots remain healthy.

Alternatively, sandy or silty soils are considered 'light' soils because they are permeable, water-draining types of soils. Peat moss and sand are NOT recommended for improving clay soil, and purchased topsoil is frequently no better than your existing soil. Purchased topsoil is useful for creating raised beds, but for most landscaping needs, it is better to amend the existing soil with organic materials. If you do bring in topsoil, be sure to mix it thoroughly with the native soil. If new soil is just spread over clay, plants will not root into the clay, and the plants will dry out in hot weather.

Be aware that unsterilized topsoil may contain weed seeds. Compaction is most likely to occur with heavier soils like clay and loam, but when heavy equipment is used, sandy soils can become compacted. These are soil particles that are packed closely together. The problem may be compounded by events that have happened to the soil over the course of years. The pore spaces are reduced to the point that air and water cannot move freely and plant roots cannot grow easily into the surrounding soil. The soil could remain overly wet longer than is healthy for the plants growing there.

Clay soils benefit from organic matter too, because it improves their structure by binding clay particles into crumbs; this allows better air and water movement. By adding coarse sand to heavy soils you can make a permanent improvement in their texture. Spread the sand to a depth of 5–8 cm, then mix well into the topsoil to a depth of 15–20 cm.

For centuries people have been adding things to poor soils to improve their ability to support healthy plant growth. Some of these materials, such as compost, clay and peat, are still used extensively today. Many soil amendments also add nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, as well as beneficial bacteria.

Additional nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, may be augmented by amendments as well. This enriches the soil, allowing plants to grow bigger and stronger. Darkness keeps the surface cooler, causing less evaporation. You are probably sensing a theme by now – it's all about the water!

Their large leaves will shade the ground, they will hold water in their roots, and they will die back to provide nitrogen and organic material in the fall. We mostly use woodchips because they offer multiple benefits to the soil – darkness/mulch/organic material but any of the darkening methods are beneficial. You can add nitrogen by using fertilizer, aged manures, composted legumes, and/or chop and drop weeds. In the beginning of your soil rehabilitation, you will need to add nitrogen regularly. Over time as your soil structure improves, you can experiment with less. Farm animals are extremely valuable for rehabbing sandy soil, but leguminous crops also work well.

Closer to water you may get some dutch clovers to grow. Organic matter in soil serves as food for earthworms, insects, bacteria and fungi-they transform it to soil nutrients and humus. Through this decomposition process, materials are made available as foods to growing plants. In finely textured clay soils, organic material creates aggregates of the soil particles, improving drainage and making it easier to work. Earthworms are especially helpful in making and keeping soil porous and well draining, said Brewer. When planting trees and shrubs, always dig generous planting holes shallow and wide.

The hole should be at least twice the width of the root ball or the container in which the plant is growing and no deeper than the root ball of the tree or shrub to be planted. Soil loosened below the root ball will settle over time, creating a planting depression that will accumulate excess water. In heavy clay soils, planting trees and shrubs a few inches above the grade of the surrounding soil is preferrable. In extreme cases, mound planting is preferable, as it can help with root development above existing compacted soil.

Next, gently squeeze the ball to lengthen it into a strip or 'ribbon' and see how long you can make it before it starts to break up. The more clay it contains, the longer the ribbon will get and the more plastic it will feel to the touch. Soil ribbons can range in length from about 5mm – 75mm, with sandy soils being shortest, loamy soils in the middle and clay soils the longest. While soils that contain a lot of clay or sand may need work to improve them, loamy soils are generally ideal. These contain a mixture of sand, silt, organic matter and clay, providing the right balance of nutrients, oxygen, water and drainage which are just what your lawn needs. You can improve clay soil by altering the surface of the topsoil, adding specific types of organic matter, and aerating the yard can make growing in clay soil easier for your grass.

Clay soil can be tricky to deal with, especially if your grass has yet to establish strong roots. It is crucial to improve your clay soil so your lawn can thrive. Clay soil is typically alkaline, and too much may significantly reduce oxygen to plant's roots and cause drainage problems.

Bark, sawdust, manure, leaf mold, compost and peat moss are among the organic amendments commonly used to improve clay soil. Two or three inches of organic materials should be spread and rototilled, forked or dug into the top six or seven inches of your garden beds. Compost is decomposed organic matter, and it is the best thing you use to improve the health of garden soil.

In addition to incorporation into the soil, applying organic matter as mulch is beneficial for many flowers, vegetables, trees and shrubs. Top-dressing of lawns may be done with good topsoil or topsoil–organic material combinations to smooth out irregular areas in the lawn or help decay thatch. Adding a few inches of topsoil does not generally improve the texture or performance of heavy clay and poorly drained soils unless it is done in combination with core aerification. Anyone who has dealt with compacted garden soil knows just how frustrating it can be. Not only can it be tricky to get a shovel or trowel into the dirt, but it can also be tricky for plants to grow in it.

Compacted soil can be a common issue for soils that contain a high amount of clay and also receive a high amount of foot traffic. This type of soil can get waterlogged, or alternatively, have trouble drinking up water at all. One method of improving the quality of soils that have been compacted is to cultivate the compacted soil and mix compost through it. This process should help to add more nutrients to the soil, give it aeration, and allow plants to have an easier job of growing within it. Gypsum is easily applied to the soil surface with a regular lawn spreader. It's an ideal amendment for improving soil structure and relieving compaction in existing lawns and gardens.

Clay's potential as one of the best soil types for plant growth lies in its unique properties. Managed well, clay soil typically requires less irrigation and less fertilizer, and leads to healthier plants all around. Organic matter helps in sandy soil because it holds water and nutrients. Before planting you will want to mix in compost and/or top soil.

You will add compost and/or mulch to the surface soil every spring. Sandy soil loses water downward and upward – mulch on top of the sand prevents evaporation and it does a great job of it! Very quickly, that mulch/compost will break down and it will find it's way into the sand below. The disadvantage of heavy clay soil is that it becomes waterlogged, with poor drainage and aeration. Gardeners with a heavy clay soil need to mix in some gypsum - a natural mineral.

This helps to break up the clay and will improve its structure so that it forms crumbs that are easy to work. Add organic matter, such as compost or aged animal manures, because they're important for all soils. A 3-4 inch thick layer of mulch on top of your garden will benefit the soil in many ways.

Many local landscape supply centers can easily deliver mulch to your house after taking an order over the phone or online, providing contactless delivery. Breaks apart clay bonds to create microscopic air space deep into the clay. It also adds liquid organic matter to help generate and feed beneficial soil microbes of all types at the same time. It helps improve drainage in your lawn clay, encourages deeper rooting, frees up nutrients and water in the root zone and helps move organic matter deeper into the soil. By improving clay conditions you can create a much healthier lawn in a more bioactive soil. I always see things on how to work with sandy, silty, or clay soils, practically nothing on peat soils.

I moved to an area this last Fall, that had a lot of glacier activity and is a meadow or grass land now. We would like to grow a garden, but we have black peat soil for about 14 feet down. I used a home soil test and found no nitrogen in the soil. There is some phosphorus and a small amount of potassium.

How Do You Enrich Poor Soil What should we do to our soil to be able to grow a vegetable garden and fruit trees? Grow cover crops in your garden in the fall after harvesting. Cover crops like cereal rye, annual rye and hairy vetch do well in Missouri conditions. Cover crops help improve soil structure, reduce soil erosion and increase water movement through the soil . Leguminous cover crops such as hairy vetch perform better when inoculated with rhizobium bacteria, which fix a significant amount of atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use. Amending the soil used to backfill planting holes provides questionable benefits.